## Assignment Summary

If your last (family) name begins with A-N, please complete the "Appl. Assignment 2 Quiz" on WebCT after finishing work on this assignment. If your last (family) name begins with O-Z, please complete the "Appl. Assignment 2 Quiz" on WebCT PRIOR TO STARTING work on this assignment. The quiz is found in the "Assessments" tab of the WebCT page.

Last Name Begins With When To Take the Quiz
A-N After completing the assignment
O-Z BEFORE STARTING the assignment

In this assignment, you will find and analyze the conditional distributions of the received signal strength (RSS) at the two nodes, which we call node a and node b. This means that we will answer questions about probabilities of the RSS at one node given some information about the RSS at the second node. From your measurements of RSS at both ends of the link, you will

1. Compute the conditional distribution of the measurement at node a given that node b had a measurement in a small range. Turn in: a plot, and answers to two questions.
2. Compute the conditional distribution of the measurement at node a given that node b encoded its measurement to a particular bit value. Turn in: a plot.
3. For a given quantization schemes, compute the probability of bit disagreement. Turn in: the numerical answer.

You will need Matlab, a text file from an RSS measurement experiment, and some way to produce a document (eg., Word, OpenOffice). Create one PDF containing the outputs of your assignment, and the Matlab code you used to generate them. Turn it into the WebCT assignment drop box, by midnight on the due date.

## Assignment Description

Load the data file as you did in assignment 1:
 data = load('-ascii','filename.txt'); 

Convert the data from the 'data' matrix into two separate vectors, one for the measurements at node 'a' and another for the measurements at node 'b':
 [rssa, rssb] = separateData(data); 

### 0. Interpolation and Mean Correction

During the experiment, the channel can be measured only in one direction at a time. Nodes measure the channel quickly, but regardless, the measurements in one direction (a to b) are taken at different times compared to the measurements in the other direction (b to a). We use interpolation to address this. Interpolation estimates, from the two sequences of measurements, what they would have been if they had been taken simultaneously.

Interpolation is not a topic of this class -- it is covered in 5520. So you do not need to investigate interpolation for this project. Use my provided interpolation function to make the times of the samples in the two RSS vectors agree. Type:
 [interpa, interpb] = interpolateRSS(rssa, rssb); 

Figure 1: Example of interpolated RSS signals at nodes a and b.

Now, verify for yourself that the measurements in the two directions agree. Use these commands:
 len = length(interpa); plot(1:len, interpa, 'ro-', 1:len, interpb, 'kx-', 'LineWidth',2) set(gca,'FontSize',20) grid xlabel('Sample Number') ylabel('RSS (dB)') 
Then zoom in to show a small segment of the x-axis so that you can verify that the two signals are approximately the same shape.

Figure 1 shows an example of this plot. You do not need to turn in your plot, it is just to show you how well the two signals agree. Note that:

• After interpolation, the RSS values are no longer only integers - they are real-valued.
• There is likely a consistent difference between the two lines; this is a difference in the mean between the two marginal distributions. For example, one node might have a somewhat higher transmit power than the other.

To correct for the difference in mean, do the following:
 interpa = interpa - mean(interpa); interpb = interpb - mean(interpb); 

### 1. Conditional pdf for small-range event

Define an event C to be that the measurement at node a is within a given 1-dB range, for example, between -10 to -11. The indices for which event C occurs are:
 ind = find(( interpa > -2) & (interpa <= -1)) 
I had more than 500 indices for which this was true. If you had less than 200, select a different 1-dB range. Then, the values of interpb given that C occurred are:
 interpb_given_C = interpb(ind) 

#### 1.1 Plotting a pdf

In assignment 1, you plotted a pmf. Here, you need to plot an estimated pdf from interpb_given_C, which requires a somewhat different procedure:
 [n, x] = hist(interpb_given_C,30) deltax = x(2)-x(1) pdf = n./sum(n)./deltax 
The 2nd input argument of hist is the number of bins. If you make it smaller, you will have a smoother pdf estimate, but you will have fewer bins and see fewer features of the pdf.

You should check to make sure that the pdf integrates to one. This isn't just the sum of pdf! An integral is an area -- remember you always have a $dx$ in an integral. Your dx is determined by the hist function, as calculated above. This is the integral of the pdf:
 sum(pdf)*deltax 
Make sure it is equal to one.

Plot and turn in the pdf with:
 plot(x, pdf,'x--', 'LineWidth',2, 'MarkerSize',11) set(gca,'FontSize',20) xlabel('Value (dB)') ylabel('Probability Density') grid 

Also turn in your answers to the following. One sentence is sufficient for each.

1. Qualitatively, what kind of variation do you see in the RSS measurement on link b when the measurement on link a is in your given 1-dB range?
2. How does the variation compare to the variation you found in the pmf at one node in Application Assignment 1?

### 2. Conditional pdf given quantized value at other node

#### 2.1 One-bit and censor quantization scheme

Now, consider the following proposed quantization scheme. In this scheme, based on the measured RSS at a node, we will have three possible events:

• C1: The RSS falls into a certain set which makes the node encode the measurement with the bit 1.
• C0: The RSS falls into another set (disjoint from set C0) which makes the node encode the measurement with the bit 0.
• CC: The RSS falls into third set (disjoint from both sets C0 and C1) which makes the node decide to censor the measurement, that is, not encode it at all. This set is values in-between C0 and C1 to provide a 'buffer zone' so that small errors (of the type you saw in your conditional pdf in part 1) do not cause a bit disagreement. In a real implementation, nodes would communicate to tell the other the indices of the measurements it wants to censor.

The events C0, C1, and CC form a partition; they are mutually exclusive and their union is S, the sample space. You should choose your own events; you can pick different intervals; or different arrangements of the sets, as long as they form a partition. The following code assumes this example partition: let $C_1=[3,\infty)$, $C_0=(-\infty, -2]$m, and $C_C=(-2,3)$. Be sure to modify the code for your partition!

Plot and turn in the estimated conditional pdf of interpb given that event C0 occurs at node a.
 ind_C0a = find(interpa < -2) interpb_given_C0a = interpb(ind_C0a) 
Use the procedure above to plot the estimated pdf of this data.

### 3. Probability of Bit Disagreement

First, find the indices for the measurements when CC occurs at either node:
 ind_Censored = find(((interpa > -2) & (interpa < 3)) | ((interpb > -2) & (interpb < 3))) ind_Not_Censored = setdiff(1:len, ind_Censored) 
The matlab function setdiff returns what we called the set minus operator; in this case it removes all indices from 1:len which are censored. Then remove the censored values from the set of measurements:
 notCensored_a = interpa(ind_Not_Censored) notCensored_b = interpb(ind_Not_Censored) 

Now, find the cases which:

1. C0 occurs at node a and C1 occurs at node b
2. C1 occurs at node a and C0 occurs at node b

For example, for (1), you can find the indices with:
 ind_C0a_and_C1b = find((notCensored_a <= -2) & (notCensored_b >= 3)) 
and compute a probability as
 Prob_C0a_and_C1b = length(ind_C0a_and_C1b) / length(notCensored_a) 
Note that I am implicitly conditioning on the case that the measurement does NOT get censored. (It will never disagree when the measurement is censored, but this shouldn't count, because we do not generate a bit in this case.)

Report the total probability of bit disagreement as your solution to (3.)

### Completion

Submit your results as described above.

If your last (family) name begins with A-N, please complete the "Appl. Assignment 2 Quiz" on WebCT now.